How I Can Improve Communication - 883 Words

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The Clock the Mammalian Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Article - 1

Essays on The Clock: the Mammalian Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Article The paper "The Clock: the Mammalian Suprachiasmatic Nucleus" is a delightful example of an article on biology. The article in review "The Clock the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus describes the pacemaker role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mammalian circadian system thus the title correctly points out to the subject of the paper. The purpose of this experiment was to understand the biological clock found in most mammals. This clock is found in the SCN which is the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus part of the brain. The work is based on experiments done on hamsters whose T mutation provided the chance to test the role of the SCN as a pacemaker. There were several reasons to undergo this experiment such as various pieces of evidence that led to this view. For example what the SCN is the target of and what it is required for, the fact that tissue explants that consist of the SCN keep on expressing circadian rhythms in electrical activity (Sanger et al, 5463) This wor k is important because it is this activity that regulates the body processes such as body temperature, hormone system, and their production as well as its effect on drug abuse and sexual orientation in humans. With this study, the scientists used transplants of the SCN in animals whose own nucleus was absent. The results showed that the rhythms matched the period of the donor and not the genotype of the host. So it was proven that the circadian rhythm is determined by the SCN regardless of where the cells came from meaning that the clock does exist in mammals.

Iron Crowned Chapter 21 Free Essays

For a few moments, we were frozen in time. It was Jasmine who finally got things moving again. â€Å"Oh,† she said. We will write a custom essay sample on Iron Crowned Chapter 21 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Wow.† Kiyo’s grip on the form tightened, and for a second, I feared he’d crumple or rip it. Instead, he let it fall to the floor and strode toward me as swiftly and fiercely as his predatory alter ego. I felt Jasmine shift – not away, but closer to me. â€Å"Are you sure?† he asked, in a low, deadly voice. â€Å"About which part?† I snapped. â€Å"That I’m pregnant? Or that it’s yours?† â€Å"Both.† I felt my eyes narrow as I continued feeling angry and defensive. â€Å"Yes. Both.† Silence fell. Then: â€Å"When are you getting rid of it?† he asked. â€Å"Christ. You get right to the point.† â€Å"You know the point!† he exclaimed. â€Å"You know what it’s always been! You’re sure? You’re really sure you’re pregnant?† I’d had the same questions for Dr. Moore and found myself repeating her answer. â€Å"Yes. The tests are very accurate. Besides, why else do you think they’d schedule me for that?† I pointed to the referral lying on the floor. He might work with animals, but he’d still know what a CVS was. Jasmine, however, did not. She slipped away, gave him a wide berth, and retrieved the paper. â€Å"What’s a †¦ chorionic †¦ vil-vil – â€Å" â€Å"It’s a test to detect defects,† I said. I gave Kiyo a pointed look. â€Å"And gender.† â€Å"It’s a waste of time,† he argued. He swallowed and attempted a kinder, more reasonable course with me. â€Å"Eugenie, you know the danger. You can’t waste another day. If anyone finds out – if anyone in the Otherworld – â€Å" â€Å"I know, I know! Do you think I’m stupid? Do you think I somehow missed the constant rape attempts – and actual rape – based on that prophecy? Damn it, I know better than you what it means! But I can’t – I can’t get an abortion until I know what it is. If it’s a girl or a boy.† â€Å"And then what?† he asked. â€Å"You’ll keep it if it’s a girl? You always said you weren’t sure you wanted to have kids.† â€Å"I’m still not,† I admitted, my voice trembling. A baby – world conqueror or not – had never been on my agenda. â€Å"But I have to know.† His expression darkened, the coaxing gone. â€Å"It’s better if you don’t. It’s better to keep it all anonymous, better not to think of it as a person. Stay ignorant. Just have the abortion and be done.† Jasmine hadn’t moved from her spot, her eyes going back and forth as she watched my verbal volley with Kiyo. â€Å"Geez,† she said. â€Å"You don’t seem too upset about killing your own kid.† I had been thinking the same thing. His cold detachment shocked me. He flinched and gritted his teeth. â€Å"I never said I’m not upset.† â€Å"But you’re not just upset about what this means for the prophecy,† I pointed out. I studied him carefully, realization dawning. â€Å"You don’t entirely believe it’s yours anyway.† â€Å"Do you blame me?† he asked. â€Å"It’s yours,† I said adamantly. The last time I’d been with Dorian, we’d had kinky oral sex. Maybe I hadn’t known about antibiotics interacting with birth control pills, but I knew where a guy had to come to make you pregnant. â€Å"I know without a doubt.† This gave Kiyo pause, as though he really were truly pondering the reality of losing his child. â€Å"I told you: I never said I’m not upset about this. But it’s got to be dealt with. How could you have let this happen?† â€Å"Oh, nice,† I said. â€Å"It’s my fault. If you’re so into caution, maybe you shouldn’t have fucked me in that grotto.† Jasmine’s eyes widened. â€Å"Okay, forget it,† he said tightly. â€Å"And forget your CVS. Just get the abortion while it’s still easy. You can’t be that far along.† I shot up. â€Å"While it’s still easy? Like you know! You’re not the one who has to go through it!† â€Å"Why are you fighting me on this?† he exclaimed in disbelief. â€Å"You always said you’d do this. Do you want the prophecy to come true? Do you want to have a son who leads armies here from the Otherworld to conquer and enslave?† â€Å"Of course not! You know that.† â€Å"Then stop wasting time! Look, if you’re scared about getting it done †¦ you don’t have to do it here.† â€Å"Oh? I can check in at the Otherworld’s Planned Parenthood clinic?† â€Å"No,† he said wearily. â€Å"But there are potions. Maiwenn could help. Along with healing, she can work all sorts of other medical magic.† â€Å"I’m sure she can.† I couldn’t hide the bitterness in my voice. â€Å"And I’m sure she’d be more than happy to.† â€Å"Eugenie – â€Å" â€Å"Look,† I interrupted. â€Å"Here’s how it is. I don’t like your attitude. I don’t like you dictating this to me like I’m stupid or something. I know the consequences, okay? And you know where I stand on the prophecy. But I just have to know what exactly is in me first. Two days. We just wait two days for the test.† â€Å"And then how long until the results?† he asked. â€Å"More time passes. Every day is dangerous.† â€Å"But what if it’s a girl?† This came from Jasmine. Both Kiyo and I turned to her. â€Å"What if Eugenie can have it? You’re always going on and on about how awesome Luisa is. Wouldn’t you want another one – especially with, like, your actual – sort of – girlfriend?† â€Å"It’s not – † Kiyo bit off his words and turned back to me. Those dark eyes studied me, and I felt my anger diffuse as they softened. I felt his love and knew all of this was coming from panic, his fears about the prophecy finally coming true. â€Å"Two days,† he said at last. â€Å"Two days,† I repeated. â€Å"And then I’ll do the right thing.† I wasn’t exactly sure what the â€Å"right thing† would be if I was having a girl, seeing as motherhood still didn’t really jump out at me. But that didn’t matter right now. What mattered was that I had the choice. Then, abruptly and without warning, Kiyo wrapped his arms around me, crushing me to his chest. â€Å"I love you,† he said, voice shaking. It was the first time he’d spoken those words since we’d gotten back together, and they tore something inside of me. â€Å"But I’m just afraid.† â€Å"I am too,† I said, feeling tears spring into my eyes. Fucking hormones. â€Å"Everything’ll be okay.† When he released me, I finally really comprehended that Jasmine had witnessed all of this. The dramatic factor had probably trumped anything she could find on TV. Her face was a blank mask now, which made me uneasy. What was she thinking about all this? For so long, she’d wanted to be the one to have the heir. I supposed she should be all for an abortion. Yet †¦ maybe she was so keen on our father’s prophecy that she didn’t care who had his grandson, so long as she could ride the power with us. â€Å"I need you to stay with Jasmine tomorrow,† I told Kiyo later, when we were lying in bed. â€Å"I wish she hadn’t found out about this. Maybe I’m overreacting, but I’m worried she’ll do something with the information. I could have Volusian watch her like he is now †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I usually summoned my minion for night watches. â€Å"†¦ But I’d feel better with you there.† Kiyo drew the covers up around us. â€Å"Where are you going?† â€Å"Where do you think?† He groaned. â€Å"Eugenie, you can’t go back there until this mess is settled. If they find out – if anyone finds out – well. All hell will break loose, from those who are for the prophecy and those who are against it.† â€Å"I have to,† I said. â€Å"I realize now that most of my being sick is because †¦ well, you know. But being apart from those lands is affecting me too. I just need to check in.† No more full-fledged meditation sessions, though. I couldn’t risk any more telltale signs of my pregnancy from that intense communion. I’d just do the bare minimum required. â€Å"And not just with the lands’ magic. I need to keep an eye on the Rowan Land’s transition.† I feared his reaction, particularly after his earlier outburst. Instead, he brushed a kiss to my lips. â€Å"Be careful. Be quick.† â€Å"I will.† I pushed my lips back, kissing him harder. I moved my body closer to his, wrapping our legs together. I was terrified of what was happening, terrified of what I might be carrying. But now, with Kiyo on my side, I felt safe. We would get through this together, and I suddenly wanted to connect with him and feel his love around me. He responded instantly to the kiss, one of his hands tipping my head back in order to consume more of my lips. His other hand gripped my upper arm, nails lightly scratching my skin as animal lust began to take over. Then, abruptly, he stopped and pulled away. â€Å"What’s wrong?† I asked. I started to say he didn’t have to worry about getting me pregnant, but that joke seemed kind of inappropriate. â€Å"Nothing †¦ I’m just †¦ I’m just tired.† He kissed me again, but this time it was on my cheek. â€Å"It’s been a long day. Just not up for it tonight †¦ even though you’re as sexy as always.† The lightness in those last words seemed forced, and I was glad he couldn’t see my frown in the darkness. I had just been rejected because †¦ because why? Having sex during pregnancy wasn’t harmful, I knew that much. Was I repulsive? Was the thought that I was carrying Storm King’s heir putting him off? Whatever the reason, I didn’t buy that he â€Å"wasn’t up for it.† We’d been pressed hip to hip moments ago, and his body had most certainly been up for it. A sexless night was the least of my problems, and although neither of us spoke, I knew he slept as badly as I did. We tossed and turned, our movements as disturbing to each other as our individual worries. We both had bloodshot eyes when we woke. I headed off to the Otherworld as soon as I could after breakfast – well, after what passed as breakfast for me. My appetite was still low. Jasmine wasn’t happy when I denied her request to come with me, but Kiyo and Volusian’s presence was too daunting for her to put up much of a fight. I felt the Thorn Land’s welcoming energy when I crossed over, but thankfully, it revealed nothing about my maternal state. My staff was equally happy to see me, particularly Shaya, who looked like she’d thought I wasn’t ever going to return. It wasn’t an entirely unwarranted fear. She and I sat alone in one of the parlors while she updated me on the situation. â€Å"Rurik feels the Rowan Land is stable enough to move in a governing body. There’s still some unrest, and he’ll stay on for a while, but most have accepted your rule. It’s the way things go. He’s also culled the Rowan military and feels you can trust who’s left.† I tried not to grimace at that, wondering what his â€Å"culling† had entailed. â€Å"And Katrice and Cassius?† She shrugged. â€Å"Still imprisoned. Awaiting your verdict.† â€Å"I don’t really want to do anything with them,† I admitted. â€Å"I don’t know what to do with them.† â€Å"Honestly? With Katrice? You could set her free, and it wouldn’t matter. Stripping the land from her stripped most of her magic. Her reason to live. She’s harmless. Without hope. But Cassius †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Shaya frowned. â€Å"He’s dangerous. He can’t wrestle the land from you, but he’s got enough power to make trouble. Dorian’s already written and advised execution.† I scoffed. â€Å"I’m sure he has.† â€Å"Dorian’s also provided a list of people he’d like to see installed in the Rowan Land. We settled the resources split, but he feels he deserves a controlling interest in your rule there.† â€Å"A ‘controlling interest?’ This isn’t a corporation!† I exclaimed. â€Å"Write him and make it very, very clear that his help isn’t needed over there. It isn’t wanted. He has no right to it. Tell him all of that.† Shaya hesitated, fretfully toying with one of her black braids. â€Å"No matter how diplomatically I word that †¦ well, the antagonism will still come through. It’ll anger him.† â€Å"Good,† I retorted. Dorian was a safe target for my churning emotions at the moment, and God knew I needed some sort of outlet. â€Å"Let him be angry or pout or whatever. I’m pretty sure he isn’t going to declare war on me.† It was something I’d figured out recently. Dorian had been an advocate of using the Iron Crown to scare other monarchs, but the thing was, now that we weren’t together anymore, he had to realize it could be used against him too. I actually hadn’t had to give in to his â€Å"spoils of war† demands. That had been a kindness on my part, and he knew it. I didn’t have to fear Dorian. I no longer needed him. â€Å"Very well,† Shaya replied. Her tone was obedient, but I knew she dreaded that letter. She’d never lost her devotion to him, and I was forcing her to split her loyalties. â€Å"But we do need someone to manage the Rowan Land †¦ unless you’re going to do it personally.† â€Å"No,† I said swiftly, not that I needed to. She’d already known I had no interest in it. â€Å"Do you have someone in mind?† â€Å"Yes†¦. Me.† I wasn’t exactly surprised that she’d step up to the task. I was surprised, however, that she didn’t look particularly upset about it. Maybe she relished the challenge. â€Å"I’m cool with that,† I said. â€Å"Hell, after what you did around here, I know you can get Rowan into shape. But †¦ who’s going to run things here?† â€Å"I was thinking Nia could.† â€Å"Nia?† I asked, startled. â€Å"My hairstylist?† Shaya crooked me a grin. â€Å"What do you think she does when you’re not around? She’s been helping me and learning†¦. I think she’d do very well. There’d be others to assist her, and, of course, she could always contact me.† It was still an unexpected choice, but Shaya seemed confident. And, I supposed, we’d gotten the Thorn Land into good enough shape that it now functioned pretty smoothly. â€Å"Okay,† I said at last. â€Å"Let’s make it happen. When do you plan on moving?† â€Å"Today,† she said. â€Å"I’ll go when you go. My things are packed.† I couldn’t help laughing. â€Å"You knew I’d agree. And you knew I’d refuse Dorian.† Shaya put on her primmest look, but her eyes sparkled. â€Å"Yes, Your Majesty.† I walked the Thorn Land before leaving, long enough to reassure the land I was there and boost the morale of the soldiers guarding my keep. Not that they needed it. We were victorious, and they were still celebrating. I’d donned my gold crown for the trip to the Rowan Land, and my men regarded me with adoration, calling out cheers for their brave, all-powerful queen. What would they do if they knew? I wondered. What would they do if they knew I was carrying a potential warlord? Somehow, it wasn’t much of a mystery. They would cheer more. They would worship me and revel in the chance to extend our rule. It made me eager to go to the Rowan Land, where I was feared rather than adored. Of course, I didn’t know if that was any better. If those people knew I was carrying Storm King’s grandchild, it would simply intensify their fear and convince them more than ever that they were under the control of a tyrant queen. Kiyo was right, I realized. No one in the Otherworld could know about my pregnancy. Any reaction it drew would be a powerful one. The sooner I could leave, the better. Borrowed soldiers from the Thorn Land still made up the bulk of the guard at Katrice’s former castle, and their expressions mirrored those of their colleagues back home. I played the part, smiling and walking among them confidently, not daring to show the fear and uncertainty I felt. Like the Thorn Land’s, the Rowan Land’s energy buzzed around me. Only I felt it, of course, but once, when I paused and talked to a guard for several minutes, I saw a small red flower growing where I’d stood. No one noticed, and I hastily headed for the castle, figuring nothing would sprout out of stone walls. Rurik greeted us happily, having already known about Shaya’s new position. As we all converged, I saw something flash between them, something that surprised me. Affection. More than friendly affection. It was then that I also noticed a bracelet Shaya wore, made of emeralds and pearls. I’d seen it before. Girard had been working on it when I first met Imanuelle. It was the piece Rurik had commissioned. I tried not to gape as the truth hit me. Shaya and Rurik. They had a relationship going on, some romance, probably one that had been building right before me that I’d been too oblivious to notice. That was why she hadn’t minded taking on stewardship of a kingdom conquered through unorthodox means. No one else seemed to notice – or maybe everyone already knew about them – but as I stood there and listened to more debriefings, I felt a pang in my chest. It was like Tim and Lara – and not because both couples were so bizarrely matched. No, the similarities came in that it was so easy for all of them. Just fall in love and go with it. No political machinations and motives. No world-altering prophecies to muck things up. I’d untangled myself from Dorian’s scheming – and not without a fair amount of heartache – but things with Kiyo now were irrevocably altered. No matter how my pregnancy panned out, even if it had as happy an ending as it could, I knew things between him and me would never be the same. I would never have an easy relationship. Queasiness welled up in me, and I didn’t bother trying to figure out which of the myriad reasons could be causing it. I leaned against the wall as Rurik continued speaking about troop placement. Even though it wasn’t part of the land, the wall and castle’s foundation touched the land, and I felt that magic warm and comfort me. I took a deep breath. I could do this. Everything would be all right, just as I’d told Kiyo. I’d know my child’s gender soon. Then I’d know what to do. My intention had been to stay around longer and make sure Shaya was settled in, but I soon decided I needed to get back. The others looked like they would have liked me to stay a little longer too, but they were also used to my weird – or as they considered them, â€Å"human† – ways. I assured them all that I had the utmost faith in them, reminded Shaya to rebuke Dorian, and then headed back to Tucson as soon as I could. When I arrived home and analyzed how I’d been feeling today, it occurred to me that the transitions from world to world were making me sick. Transitioning wasn’t an easy feat in general; some couldn’t even do it. I’d grown adept at it, but now, it took its toll, even with the help of a gateway. I understood enough about pregnancy to know these annoying symptoms only lasted for a short time, but that didn’t negate their annoyance. I didn’t want anything slowing me down. I didn’t want to be hampered. My body was turning against me, and Kiyo’s urging just to end the pregnancy began to seem like a better and better idea. What did gender matter? I wasn’t ready for this. He was relieved to see me back early and wrapped me up in another big embrace. â€Å"Everything’s okay?† he asked in a low voice. â€Å"Nobody found out?† I shook my head. â€Å"No. And I’m not going back until †¦ until this is settled. I’m also starting to think †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What?† he prompted. â€Å"That you were right. That gender doesn’t matter. The test is so close, though †¦ I’ll still do it. But. Well. Like I said, it doesn’t matter.† Relief flooded his features. â€Å"I’m glad, Eug. It’s the right thing to do.† He hugged me again, and the hug was filled with more intensity. â€Å"You can always cancel the test.† â€Å"No, I’ll do it. Especially after the fit I threw with my poor doctor.† â€Å"I wish I could go with you,† he said wistfully. â€Å"But I’m not sure I can. I’m taking a couple of work shifts.† Are you? Or are you running off to Maiwenn? â€Å"It’s fine,† I said. â€Å"You wouldn’t be able to find out anything that day anyway.† â€Å"But you’ll let me know the moment you know?† he asked, staring at me hard. â€Å"The very moment.† Kiyo might not have been able to go with me †¦ but Jasmine did. Ostensibly, I told myself it was because she couldn’t be left by herself. Yet, deep inside, when I really looked at my heart, I knew the truth. I didn’t want to go through this alone. I knew what the test entailed, and even if we got no answers today, it was still one step closer to what could be a huge event. â€Å"You can do it, you know,† Jasmine told me. I’d let her come into the exam room with me. It was dimly lit for the ultrasound equipment, and the doctor and tech had stepped out so I could change. Undressing in front of Jasmine felt weird, so I kept my back to her as I put on the hospital gown. â€Å"Do what? This test?† â€Å"No. I mean, yeah, whatever, you’ll be fine. But I mean, have the baby. Whatever it is. Even a boy. You can fulfill our father’s prophecy.† There was a zeal in her voice I hadn’t heard in a while – one I’d hoped had gone away. Gowned, I turned around. â€Å"No. That’s out of the question. If it’s a boy †¦ well, I can’t have it. End of story. A girl †¦ I don’t know. I’m probably not doing that either.† I couldn’t help adding, â€Å"Besides, I thought you wanted to be the heir’s mother.† Her face was deadly earnest as she considered my words. â€Å"I did. But maybe I’m not meant to.† The staff returned and situated me on the examining table while Jasmine retreated to a corner. They introduced themselves: Dr. Sartori and Veronica the tech. They explained the procedure to me, though I’d already read up on it several times. The doctor was going to – ack – stick a giant needle in me to collect cells and would use ultrasound to guide him. He made sure I understood the risk of such a test. A small percentage of women miscarried. Dryly, I told him I was willing to accept that. Veronica raised the gown to bare my stomach. As she rubbed gel on it, I stared down wonderingly. Honestly? It looked no different than in the past. I’d always been skinny, and with my lack of appetite, I probably wasn’t putting on much weight. If not for my symptoms and Dr. Moore’s â€Å"very accurate† test, I never would have guessed what was inside me. And what was inside me? My stomach took on a strange, sinister countenance. Again, I had that feeling of my body’s betrayal. It was doing things out of my control. â€Å"Okay,† said Veronica, moving the paddle to my stomach. â€Å"Let’s take a look.† Both she and Dr. Sartori watched a black monitor that had my name, birthday, and a few other stats at the bottom of the screen. When the paddle made contact, the screen flared to life, showing the indecipherable gray and white confusion I’d always seen when people had ultrasounds on TV. I could make no sense of it nor see anything resembling a baby, but sound immediately accompanied the images, repetitive swishing noises, kind of like waves. I at least knew what that meant. â€Å"That’s the heartbeat, isn’t it?† I asked, a strange feeling crawling over me. Heartbeat. Another creature’s heart inside of me. Neither practitioner answered right away. Dr. Sartori frowned curiously, and Veronica shifted the paddle around to get more views. â€Å"Huh,† said the doctor. â€Å"What?† I exclaimed. Two immediate possibilities sprang to mind. One was that my gentry blood mixing with Kiyo’s kitsune blood had created some sort of monster. The other thought – one that suddenly offered a world of safety – was that there had been a mistake. The test wasn’t accurate, and I actually wasn’t pregnant. â€Å"Isn’t that the heartbeat?† Dr. Sartori’s gaze fell on me, a small smile on his lips. â€Å"That’s the heartbeats. You have twins.† How to cite Iron Crowned Chapter 21, Essay examples

Application for Higher Education in Accounting Finance

Question: Write an application for higher education in accounting finance. Answer: To The principal Anglia Ruskin University Subject: Application for higher education in accounting finance. Sir, It is always an exciting decision to begin something after a break. The opportunity to develop a new interest or to create new changes in life is so exciting and opens so many avenues. Whatever is your situation, challenges, if you want changes, develop or just want to pursue your interest in depth, then the expansion of your knowledge is always better and rewarding. I want to pursue my further studies in accounting finance from the Anglia Ruskin University. I have studied in a chef school during the starting phase of my career. Although this was my moms choice to do that, I chose that as my career option and worked with a restaurant for a period of two years. Then some sudden changes happened in my life as I got married and moved to London. London brings a lot of changes in my thoughts, in my life. It has changed my perception to lead my life. Cooking was never in my mind as a career option. I never worked as a chef freely. Cooking is just like a passion that I like to do at home with my family around. London gives me my new passion, my new dream, a completely new excitement to lead my life. Last year I joined HND business management. I started enjoying my studies, a feeling of self-satisfaction forced me to continue this journey and reach the heights of success. Particularly accounting finance becomes my personal choice as a subject in which I would like to pursue my higher studies. It is always bit challenging to include a new practice in an already busy life schedule.. There are so many issues that come in our way when we plan something new. There are already so many commitments like family, friends or financial factors too pulls u back. I have also faced such problems, but I desperately want to continue with my new passion. I surely had no issues fitting in my commitments with my studies during my management course. Anglia Ruskin University is one of such universities where students who wanted to pursue the higher education after a leap can continue without any hesitation. As we know 66% of the university students are officially mature i.e. they are over 21 years old so this is not going to be an issue. The reason behind anxiety is about starting this journey with reputed Anglia Ruskin University. It is like a workplace for me. The challenges I have experienced there is surely going to help me in this new journey of my life. Please do pass on me the message if you find me suitable for this particular course. I have mentioned all the details along with this letter. Other enclosed is the Photocopies of my academic records and certificate. Please consider my past experiences and my passion and dedication to pursue my dreams. Your sincerely

15 Meta Description Examples, Plus How to Write a Perfect Description

If youre confused about how to write your meta descriptions, youre not the only one. To help remove that confusion, Im going to dig into what makes a great meta description and share 15 killer meta description examples.Youll also learn why your sites meta descriptions are so important, as well as the best length for your meta descriptions (especially taking into account Googles changing policies). Why is your contents meta description important?Back in September 2009, Google announced that the text in meta descriptions and meta keywords doesnt factor into its ranking algorithms for search.But meta descriptions are still important for two reasons:They help convince people to click on your result in the organic listings.Because Google measures CTR rate, they might indirectly improve your rankings by boosting your sites organic CTR.How long should your meta description be?When Google increased the length of search descriptions to 320 characters back in December 2017, SEOs got a little t oo excited and started re-writing meta descriptions for their sites. So it’s no surprise many started freaking out in May 2018 when Google unexpectedly dropped the length back to 160 characters.The fact is, Google has never explicitly stated how long meta descriptions should be, even when they’ve made sweeping changes to search pages. In fact, Googles public liaison of search, Danny Sullivan, advised against rewriting descriptions.Yes. Its not your imagination. Our snippets on Google have gotten slightly longer. And agree with @rustybrick dont go expanding your meta description tags. Its more a dynamic process. https://t.co/O1UTyFeNfA Danny Sullivan (@dannysullivan) December 1, 2017As Google Webmaster Trends Analyst John Mueller pointed out on Twitter, search is in a constant state of flux – and SEOs are along for the ride:The search results UI is a very dynamic place, seeing changes there is not unexpected. Like on your own sites, its also important to us to keep testing, improving, trying out new things to see what works best for users on our pages. John ☆.o(≠§Ã¢â€" ½Ã¢â€° ¦)o.☆ (@JohnMu) May 14, 2018Mays drop back to 160 characters prompted a flood of frustration on Twitter from people who just want clear guidelines from Google around how long to write meta descriptions. But as Sullivan pointed out, the search giant doesn’t want people to focus on character count – they want site owners to focus on delivering what works for visitors.Giving numbers makes people focus on numbers, not content. Thats not helpful. We provided some careful and thoughtful advice about all this, when we were asked in December. Id encourage you and others to read it. https://t.co/l6VPzUvA6c pic.twitter.com/1bIPLLyqtQ Danny Sullivan (@dannysullivan) May 14, 2018In other words, Google wants authentic, quality content in search. You don’t need to read between the lines to understand that Google wants people to focus on improv ing the quality of their content instead of tweaking meta description examples to lure visitors to their sites.Heads up: Google doesn’t always use meta descriptionsIt’s important to know that Google won’t always display your descriptions as intended. In fact, according to a Moz analysis, only 35.9% of original meta description tags are displayed â€Å"as is† in Google search.The Moz study, which examined 70,059 original meta description examples, also discovered that:In 15.4% of cases, Google used the original meta description tag but added some text.In 51.3% of cases, the display snippet perfectly matched the meta description tag or fully contained it.In 3.2% of cases, the display snippet used a truncated version of the meta description tag with an ellipsis on the end.In total, Google used all or part of the original meta description in 55% of cases.So what’s going on here? Basically, Google may choose to overrule the meta descriptions in the HTML of your web pages if they don’t adequately answer a user’s query, instead, using a snippet from your page that provides a better match for the query.Or†¦ Google might just use your existing meta description. It really depends on what the user has entered in search.Go to topHow to write a great meta descriptionTo write 160 characters or not to write 160 characters? That is the question.My advice? Use 160 characters for your meta descriptions, but don’t obsess over it, i.e. if your description is 161 characters, don’t waste time trimming it. Instead, focus on these tips:Stick to your brand voice and tone, but also keep it conversational.Include your primary keyword if you can do so naturally.Make sure you convey value to the reader.Include a call-to-action, i.e. â€Å"Learn more here.†Write in active voice.Make sure your descriptions match your content – don’t trick the user into clicking your link.Keep in mind that meta descripti ons might be truncated when displayed in search, so use the first 120 character to communicate your most important message.Ensure every page on your site has a unique meta description – don’t use the same description on several pages.Once you have your description figured out, you can set it in WordPress by following this guide.Go to top15 great meta description examples to inspire youSince you only have 160 characters to work with, writing a great meta description takes more than just throwing a few words together. To help you get your creative juices flowing, here are some meta description examples for your inspiration.1. TeslaWhy it works: In just 22 words, Tesla’s description conveys what the company represents, what it produces, its brand values, and ambitions. Now, that’s great copywriting.2. Lonely PlanetWhy it works: Well, do you love travel? Starting with a question draws readers in, making the description personal. It goes on to explain exactly how Lonely Planet helps travelers, all within the 160 character count.3. redditWhy it works: reddit not only includes its company mantra – the best of the internet – in its description, but also provides a clear explanation of what it provides, along with the word â€Å"you† at the end for an added personal touch.4. WiredWhy it works: For this article meta description, Wired teases readers, describing reddit as a former â€Å"dystopian Craigslist,† before going on to say it has grown up. Intrigued? Try not to click through, I dare you.5. Travel YosemiteWhy it works: Brief and straight to the point, this meta description clearly explains the value of the Travel Yosemite site and what visitors can expect when they click the link.6. GQWhy it works: While the meta title is cut, this meta description examples perfectly fits the recommended character count, teasing visitors with a fun fact from the article.7. LinkedInWhy it works: This meta description is Linke dIn’s standard paragraph for all LinkedIn business pages, simply swapping out the company name. The first sentence clearly explains the page’s value while the rest of the description provides a call-to-action for LinkedIn.8. The VergeWhy it works: Explaining a complex new story can be tough when you only have 160 characters to work with. But The Verge nails it with this succinct and descriptive tag.9. TypenestWhy it works: Okay, disclaimer – I wrote this meta description for one of my clients. I’m going to toot my own horn and say this description is friendly – perfectly matching Typenest’s brand values – but also compelling. I mean, who wouldn’t want to click through to find out more?10. SempliceWhy it works: Straightforward, descriptive, and no-nonsense, Semplice’s meta description tells you exactly what you’ll get when you click through.11. Bendigo BankWhy it works: Bendigo Bank embraces its brand identify, rea ffirming its ethos and values while also telling visitors why they’re different from other banks.12. Frito-LayWhy it works: It’s hard not to crack a smile when you read Frito-Lay’s description. It’s short, sweet, and creative, telling visitors they’re in for something fun if they click through.13. Taco BellWhy it works: Emotion sells, and Taco Bell nails all the feels in its meta description. Plus, it includes a simple call-to-action, using visitors to click through for offers and even order food now.14. UberWhy it works: For a company that is basically a taxi service, Uber manages to slip in some aspirational words, explain what it offers to drivers, and what it offers to riders, all in 160 characters.15. Hunting for GeorgeWhy it works: With the end of the financial year fast approaching in Australia, Hunting for George has done the smart thing and updated its meta description accordingly. The emojis as a nice touch and are eye-catching in search results.ConclusionMeta descriptions might not directly contribute to how Google ranks your web pages, but they certainly do help entice people to click your links. So nailing your meta descriptions should still be a priority when optimizing the SEO for your site. And when you can, try and stick to the 160 character limit.But that’s not to say you should be spending all your time optimizing meta description. What Google really wants is for you to spend more time coming up with clever, quality content. So as long as your content is useful for users and contains information that matches search queries, your pages will rank well in search.Have a question about how to write great meta descriptions? Know any other great meta description examples? Leave a comment below! Learn how to write the perfect meta description for your #WordPress #website - with 15 real examples

How to Speak Like a Italian Like

How to Speak Like a Italian Like If you want to learn Italian, forget your native tongue. If you want to speak Italian like a native, then spend some time in Italy speaking only Italian. If you want to read Italian, then pick up an Italian newspaper and peruse whatever section interests you. The point is, if you want to achieve competency in Italian, you must think like an Italian- and that means getting rid of the helpers that are real hindrances and standing on your own two (linguistic) feet. Bilingual Dictionaries Are a Crutch Speaking English to your friends is a waste of time if your goal is to speak Italian. Making grammatical comparisons between English and Italian are worthless. It sounds counterintuitive, but in the end, each language has rules and forms that are unique and sometimes illogical. And translating back and forth in your head before speaking or reading is the ultimate fools errand that will never lead to real-time speaking competence. Interact With Native Speakers So many people approach language as a science and get completely tongue-tied- witness the e-mail questions this SiteGuide receives daily about obscure Italian grammatical points and textbook recommendations. Learners obsess over minutiae, as if Italian could be dissected, instead of speaking Italian and interacting with native speakers. Imitate them. Mimic them. Ape them. Copy them. Let go of your ego and make believe youre an actor trying to sound Italian. But please- no books with something else to memorize. That turns off students immediately and is not effective in the least. Ignore English Grammar If there’s one bit of advice I can offer to anyone studying Italian, regardless of your level: Stop thinking in English! Ignore English grammar- you’re wasting a lot of mental energy trying to translate literally and construct sentences according to English syntax. In a letter to the editor in The New York Times Magazine, Lance Strate, an associate professor of Communication and Media Studies at Fordham University in The Bronx reinforces this point: ...it does not follow that all languages are equal, and therefore interchangeable. If this were true, the translation would be a relatively simple and straightforward affair, and learning another language would involve nothing more than learning to substitute one code for another, much like using Roman numerals. The truth is that different languages differ in highly significant ways, in grammar as well as vocabulary, which is why each language represents a unique way of codifying, expressing, and understanding the world. We do not become fluent in a new language until we stop translating and simply start thinking in the new language, because each language represents a distinctive medium of thought. Let Go of Your Fear of Making Mistakes Your goal should be to communicate, not sound as if you have a Ph.D. in Italian grammar (you’ll never do it, anyway, since there are only a small number of native Italians who are that well-versed in the intricacies of their own language. But certainly, most of them can communicate their every emotion, fear, want, and need.). Your biggest mistake, and what will hold you back, is using English as a crutch and being afraid of opening your mouth wide and singing that lovely language called la bella lingua. At the risk of sounding discouraging, a lot of language learners just don’t get it, and never will. It’s similar to taking dance lessons. You can put cut-out feet on the floor with numbers on them and take lessons from an expert, but if you don’t have rhythm, and you don’t have that swing, you’re always and forever going to look like a klutz on the dance floor, no matter how many lessons you take and how much you practice. So what do you do if you’re not a good dancer and weren’t born with natural rhythm? Scripted Responses Learning scripted responses in foreign languages is unproductive. Every textbook for beginners devotes many pages to dialogue that’s stilted and simply doesn’t occur in real life. So why teach it?! If you ask a person on the street Dov’e’ il museo? and he doesn’t respond according to the script you memorized, then what? You’re stuck, because there is an infinite number of potential responses, and none of us has enough time on the face of this earth to memorize them. And that person on the street is going to keep on walking because he’s headed to a great pizzeria. Learning scripted responses in foreign languages encourages a false sense of confidence. It doesnt translate into real-time speaking competence nor will you understand the musicality of the language. It’s like looking at a musical score and expecting to be a master violinist just because youve memorized the notes. Instead, you have to play it, and play it again and again. Likewise with the Italian language. Play with it! Practice! Listen to native Italian speakers and mimic them. Laugh at yourself trying to pronounce gli correctly. Italian, more so than many languages, is musical, and if you remember that analogy it will come easier. There is no secret, no Rosetta Stone, no silver bullet when it comes to learning a language. You have to listen and repeat ad nauseum. You will make a quantum leap in learning Italian when you abandon your native tongue and disengage from the grammar that you implicitly learned when you were a child.

Excercise 3.1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Excercise 3.1 - Assignment Example The red color also implies stop and danger therefore stamping the perfumes title of the heat. Perfumes glass placed at the bottom right is bristle and clear. It also has a firm base showing stability and irresistibility of women who use the perfume (Beyonce Heat 1). Viktor & Rolf spicebomb is an attractive ad design. The image of a handsome young man holding the bottle implies the fragrance cozy, warm and composed nature. The masculine male shows that the product is designed for the gentle and handsome males in the society. Spicebomb’s bottle has a grenade shape thus qualifying the products name of ‘bomb’. In addition, spicebombs grenade and explosive nature implies the perfumes strength. Specifically, it signifies silage and the everlasting power of the fragrance thus sets it apart. The backgrounds grey shading creates a sense of calmness and confidence that the product creates. Black and white texts used in the ad improves the viewers or audiences public image. It also shows classism and perfumes distinct mainstream image. The title provides a seamless balance between intensity, elegance and subtlety (Rolf

The Kidnapping of the Lindbergh Baby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Kidnapping of the Lindbergh Baby - Essay Example It led to the arrest of Bruno Richard Hauptmann who was charged and convicted of murder in the famous case. He was sentenced to death and was executed at 8:44 p.m. on April 3, 1936 ("The Kidnappimg"). The trial had ended, but the controversy continues today. While some critics claim that Hauptmann was framed to save face for the government, others are convinced that Hauptmann was the perpetrator. A close look at the methods of the time, the exhaustive investigation, and the evidence surrounding the case leaves little doubt that 'Bruno' Hauptmann was instrumental in the crime. The case was controversial from the very first moments after the disappearance was discovered. It involved the son of the famous aviator, a beloved national hero. Immediately after the nurse, Betty Gow, discovered the open window and missing child, Lindbergh got a gun and went outside the house. He discovered a ladder near the open window and went to investigate. He trampled the footprints that remained and destroyed crucial evidence. In the flurry of confusion, the crime scene was contaminated. Local, state, and national law enforcement agencies all vowed to commit whatever resources were necessary to the investigation. However, the first errors in the case came when Charles Lindbergh insisted on being placed in charge of the investigation. Though the best professionals available had been assigned to the case, Lindbergh "[...] personally took charge, often ignoring the advice and overriding the decisions of the professionals" (Levy 34). These initial mistakes by Lindbergh would lea ve the case open to future criticism. A poorly written ransom note was found at the scene, though authorities were unable to find any fingerprints on it. The remains of the ladder, broken during use, were the only physical evidence. Lindbergh approved a plan to attempt to contact the kidnappers and arrange for the ransom to be paid after a second note was received on March 6, 1932 demanding $70,000. ("Famous Cases"). Within 10 days, a man named Dr. John F. Condon, Bronx, New York City, a retired school principal, contacted the Lindbergh's attorney and said he could mediate the safe return of the child. A series of meetings took place in a graveyard where Condon, code named 'Jasfie', and an elusive figure known as 'Graveyard John' discussed ransom and the child's safety. During one of these meetings, 'Graveyard John' offered proof of the child. According to the FBI, "A baby's sleeping suit, as a token of identity, and a seventh ransom note were received by Dr. Condon on March 16. The suit was delivered to Colonel Lindbergh and later identified" ("Famous Cases"). Arrangements were made to pay the ransom and secure the release of young Charlie. On April 2, ransom money was delivered to Graveyard John while Charles Lindbergh waited close by in an automobile. Graveyard John gave Condon a note which had instructions on the location of the child. The note said that the child could be found in Martha's Vineyard in a boat named Nellie, "between Horseneck beach and Gay Head near Elizabeth Island" ("The Kidnapping"). However, Lindbergh had been double-crossed as no boat could be located with that name and no baby was found ("The Kidnapping"

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Law - Essay Example The development of each of these areas of law would be discussed in turn and any similarity as well as difference would looked into so as to make an effective comparison between the two difference applications that have been provided for that is one by way of statute and the other would be that of the rule of Wheeldon v. Burrows and the cases that have effectively developed the rule and applied the provision. Easements are where a benefit is provided to the dominant tenement that is the land which benefits from the easement, which provides the person who owns the dominant tenement of land to use the easement. The second element in respect of an easement is the based on the fact that since there is a benefit that is accruing there is a burden on what is known as the servient tenement or in other words the land that has been burdened by the easement. A vital principle related to an easement is the fact that it is a proprietary interest and the accruing benefit and burden, subject to th e laws of registered and unregistered land, transfer, if the land that is either the servient or dominant tenement is transferred to another person. (Cursley et al 2009) The creation of an easement is dependent upon the satisfaction of a criterion that had been laid down in Re Ellenborough Park1 which are generally referred to when determining the existence of an easement. The first and foremost requirement is the fact that there must be a dominant and servient tenement thus eliminating the possibility and stating that the easement cannot exist in gross. (Hawkins v. Rutler)2. The second requirement is the fact that the dominant and servient tenement’s occupation and ownership must be by different persons (Roe v. Siddons)3. However, according to Wright v. Macadam4 the occupation by different persons would allow an easement to be created. The Third element is the fact the easement must benefit the dominant tenement and this is dependent upon the proximity of the servient teneme nt; it also been stated that the advantage should not be purely personal (Hill v Tupper); and the right must not that be of a recreational user. The fourth criterion is that the easement that has been alleged must be capable of formation of subject matter of a grant. Case law has developed upon the criterion and has provided guidelines in this respect, the first one being that there must be a capable grantor, which is clear in the facts at hand, the second that there must be a grantee which is evident because the tenants were granted the rights; thirdly the subject matter of grant is sufficiently certain, which is clear enough in respect of the facts that is the right to cross; and finally the right must be capable of being called an easement that is it is covered under the rights which have been recognized to be easements, which has been done in respect of the right to cross. The final factor that has not been expressly listed down in the case was that of public policy which is con sidered when determining whether an easement is existent or not. (Grey et al 2006) The next aspect that is considered is that easement can be existent either legally or under equity as laid down under section 1 of the Law of Property Act (LPA) 1925. (Cooke 2006) As far as legal easements are considered there are a number of formalities that need to be fulfilled. The first requirement is that for a legal easement there must either be a fee simple absolute in possession or as an adjunct to a term of years (section 1 Law of Property Act 1925). Secondly easements can only be legal if created by way of statute, by prescription, by deed or registered disposition. All other easement are equitable in nature. (Dixon 2004) As far easement by prescription is Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words Law - Essay Example Unfortunately, even in 2012, until more research is conducted to collect data on duration of street bail, Hucklesby’s claims remain valid. Street bail was introduced in the British legal system in 2003. The amendment came into effect in 2004.1 Street bail was designed to speed up justice in the British legal system by enabling officers to spend more time collecting evidence, and less on bringing the suspect in the police station to bail him or her out a few minutes later.2 There were estimates in 2004 that the new bail system would be economical, as it would provide additional 390,000 hours of police officers’ time annually to focus on investigating the crimes.3 Guidance on Street Bail was implemented in 2006. The guide aimed to direct implementation of the Sections 30A to 30D of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), as amended by Section 4 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. 4 While making a decision whether to bring the offender in or not, the police officer must consider following facts: whether the offender has a history of violating the bail, whether the offender could jeopardize the evidence crucial to the judicial system if left free, whether the offender could continue offending if left free, and whether data are correct regarding the address of the offender and the nature of the offense. 5 In Northern Ireland, an equivalent document was published as well.6 However, Hucklesby argues that the pre – charge bail system only discourages justice. The nature of the offense, or the ability to jeopardize evidence, is left to the interpretation of the police officer. As a result, Hucklesby argues, more arrests will take place, instead of fewer.7 Moreover, in cases where police officers will not be willing to pursue the investigation, the offender will not be turned in.8 Cape too agrees with Hucklesby’s arguments, due to the inexperience of the arresting officers and a low threshold for arrest and long bail periods, where sus pects will not be able to present their own story.9 Some argue otherwise. There are arguments that even in the light of the new approach to bail, PACE â€Å"continues to use its ‘fundamental balance’ approach,†10 which was abused in the past. PACE’s approach is to protect the rights of the suspect, while allowing for the police officers to gather enough evidence to identify the offender.11 One of its aims is also to decrease detention time. 12 A famous case portraying the misuse of power before the street bail on behalf of law enforcement officers is the Birmingham pub bombings, where six suspects were wrongfully convicted.13 The suspects were treated outside their protection system and tortured.14 Moreover, they were interrogated partly also outside of the police station, which violates the rules of PACE.15 The new approach to bail on street attempts to avoid such problems through allowing suspects freedom while conducting investigation. However, the powe r remains in hands of the arresting police officers. Though PACE aims to decrease the detention time, Skinns has found evidence that detention time has been increasing back to the pre – PACE level.16 In 1986, the mean detention time was over four hours, whereas in 1990 – 3 it increased to over six hours. 17 In 1979, before PACE, the mean detention time was over ten hours. 18 Moreover, police investigation is still a problem. Skinns found that gathering evidence is still a problem in the British criminal system, and it rests with â€Å"

Plasmodium Falciparum Life Cycle

Plasmodium Falciparum Life Cycle Malaria is one of the world leading causes of death, especially among people living in sub-Sahara Africa and other tropical regions. Of the five species of the genus Plasmodium, the malaria protozoan parasite, known to infect Man, Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most virulent, severe and dangerous form of human malaria. Over the years, chemotherapy has played central role in the strategies towards the eradication of this disease. However, ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs and to pyrathroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. This review presents an overview of the life cycle of the causative organism (P. falciparum), the efforts at controlling the disease and the molecular and cellular basis of the infection, with special emphasis on molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins family as critical components of the parasite intra-erythr ocytic development and survival. The motivation for the present work is also presented. 1.1 Introduction Malaria, whose pathogen is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, is both preventable and curable, but yet still impacting negatively on the health of millions of people and account for high rate of mortality, especially among children in sub-Sahara Africa (Breman, 2001; Greenwood et al., 2008; Hay et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2006; Snow et al., 2005). Five species of the genus Plasmodium, the protozoan parasites, responsible for malaria infection are known to infect humans. They are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. It has been proposed that P. ovale consist of two species (Cox-Singh, 2010) and that zoonosis is the medium through which P. knowlesi infect humans (White, 2008). Of these, P. falciparum and P. vivax are numerically most important, with the former responsible for the most virulent, severe and dangerous form of human malaria (Greenwood et al., 2008). The World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 Malaria reports (WHO | World Malaria Report 2011, 2012) estimated a total of 216 million episodes of malaria in 2010 with at least 655 000 deaths, mostly in Africa and among children under the age of 5 years. Malaria was reported to be prevalent in 99 countries with an estimated 3.3 billion people at risk. Though, supports by international donors has led to rapid decrease in malaria mortality, especially among adults in Africa, Murray et al., (2012) contended that the malaria mortality burden may actually be larger than previously estimated and that for the necessary elimination and eradication to be achieved at larger scale, there is an urgent need for more supports. Factors, such as lack ofsanitation, malnutrition, lack or reduced access to medications, poverty and the location of many of the poor countries affected by malaria in the tropical zones, all combined together to create an enabling environment for the disease to thrive. Though pre ventive approaches such as good sanitation and distribution of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) (Curtis et al., 2006), have been employed as strategy towards the eradication of this disease, chemotherapy remains the most widely used approach. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007) has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. Malaria parasite life cycle is a complex mechanism involving two hosts, human and female Anopheles mosquitoes. However, the clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by the parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The intra-erythrocytic survival and development of the parasite as well as the pathology of the infection are linked to structural and functional remodeling of the host cell through the export of parasite-encoded proteins (Botha et al., 2007; Miller et al., 2002; Pesce Blatch, 2009; Przyborski Lanzer, 2005). Meanwhile, attempts have been made to present an extensive description of the protein interaction network for P. falciparum (LaCount et al., 2005) and about 300 parasite-encoded proteins are predicted to be exported (Marti et al., 2004; Sargeant et al., 2006). Among the exported proteins are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock protein family (Nya lwidhe Lingelbach, 2006). Molecular chaperone are a family of proteins that function to stabilize proteins, facilitate their translocation across intracellular membranes, their degradation, and ensure that proteins in a cell are properly folded and functional (Hartl Hayer-Hartl, 2002; Hartl, 1996). PFA0660w belongs to an extended family of Hsp40 proteins predicted to be transported by the parasite into the host cell (Hiller et al., 2004; Marti et al., 2005; Sargeant et al., 2006). It is a Type II Hsp40 protein, said to be homologous to human DnaJB4, a cytosolic type II Hsp40, known to interact with human Hsp70 to facilitate protein folding, transport and assembly (Botha et al., 2007). Recent studies have localized PFA0660w into structures in the infected erythrocyte, called the J-dots (Kulzer et al., 2010); said to be exported in complex with P. falciparum Hsp70-x (PfHsp70-x) into the J dots (Kulzer et al., 2012) and failure to obtain a viable PFA0660w-knocked-out parasite (Maier et al., 2008), suggests that it may be essential for the survival of the parasite in the infected erythrocytes and therefore a potential target for drug action. 1.2 Malaria Infection 1.2.1 Background information Malaria, though curable and preventable, remains a life-threatening disease that was noted in more than 4,000 years ago and has being responsible for millions of death. World Health Organization (WHO) listed malaria among the most important infectious diseases of the tropics and form part of the sixth millennium development goal (MDG 6) (WHO | MDG 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 2012). The target 6C of MDG 6 is to bring malaria and other major diseases to a halt by 2015 and begin to reverse their incidences. Strategies advocated by WHO to combat malaria includes prevention with the use of long-lasting insecticides treated bed-nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying, and rapid treatment with effective anti-malarial medicines with special focus on pregnant women and young children. WHO Roll Back Malaria further recommends that to control Plasmodium falciparum malaria during pregnancy, in addition to individual protection with ITNs and prompt management of anaemia and m alaria using effective anti-malaria drugs, intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) or chemoprophylaxis should be encouraged (WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012). Though, the World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 Malaria reports (WHO | World Malaria Report 2011, 2012) estimated at least 655 000 deaths as a result of malaria infection, mostly in Africa and among children under the age of 5 years, the mortality burden may actually be larger than previously estimated, thus, the need for improved supports by the funding organization to be able to achieve the much needed malaria elimination and eradication (Murray et al., 2012). Malaria is caused by the transmission of parasites to humans by female Anopheles mosquitoes during a blood meal. Plasmodium falciparum is known to be responsible for high rate of mortality, especially among children in sub-Saharan Africa, mostly under age 5 years (Breman, 2001; Greenwood et al., 2008; Hay et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2006; Snow et al., 2005). Apart from the fact that many of the countries that are mostly affected are located in the tropical region of the world, increasing level of poverty, with its attendant economic consequences, coupled with lack of or improper sanitation and reduced access to prompt medication are factors that are creating enabling environment for the disease to thrive. Though preventive approaches such as the use of insecticide treated bed nets, IPTp and chemoprophylaxis with good sanitation (Curtis et al., 2006; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012), have been employed as strategy towards the eradication of this disease, the use of chemotherapeutic drugs remains the most widely used approach (Butler et al., 2010; DAlessandro, 2009). However, the success of this strategy has been hampered by the resilient of the parasite in continually creating resistance to the available drugs. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. However, notwithstanding the centrality of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in efforts at combating the menace of malaria infe ction (DAlessandro, 2009), and wide distribution of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, efforts aimed at enhancing long lasting protective immunity through vaccination, of which RTS,S is emerging as most promising vaccine formulation, have also been intensified (Ballou, 2009; Casares et al., 2010). 1.2.2 Life Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria parasite life cycle (Figure 1.1) is a complex mechanism involving two hosts, human and female Anopheles mosquitoes. The survival of the parasite during several stages of its development depends on its ability to invade and grow within multiple cell types and to evade host immune responses by using their specialized proteins (Florens et al., 2002; Greenwood et al., 2008). Sporozoites (infective stage), merozoites (erythrocytes invading stage), trophozoites (multiplying form in erythrocytes), and gametocytes (sexual stages) are stages involved in the development of the parasite. These stages are unique in shapes, structures and complementary proteins. The continuous changes in surface proteins and metabolic pathways during these stages help the parasites to survive the host immune response and create challenges for drugs and vaccines development (Florens et al., 2002). The sporogony or sexual phase occurs in mosquitoes, resulting in the development of numerous infective forms of the parasites which when ingested by human host induced disease. During a blood meal by female Anopheles mosquitoes from an individual infected with malaria, the male and female gametocytes of the parasite enter into the gut of the mosquito, adjust itself to the insect host environment and initiate the sporogonic cycle. The fusion of male and female gametes produced zygotes, which subsequently develop into actively moving ookinetes that pierced into the mosquito midgut wall to develop into oocysts. Each oocyst divides to produce numerous active haploid forms called sporozoites which are subsequently released into the mosquitos body cavity following the burst of the oocyst. The released sporozoites travel to and invade the mosquito salivary glands, from where they get injected into the human bloodstream during another blood meal, causing malaria infection (Barillas-Mury Kum ar, 2005; Ferguson Read, 2004; Hill, 2006). The parasite life cycle traverse two hosts (Man and Mosquito) with each stage involving complex cellular and molecular modifications. To prevent blood clots, Sporozoites infected saliva are deposited into Man during blood meal by female Anopheles mosquitoes, make their way to the liver, develop over time into hypnozoites (dormant stage, usually responsible for relapse of infection) or merozoites (that are released into blood stream to invade erythrocytes). The clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by the parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The schizogony or asexual phase of the life cycle occurs in human host. The cycle is initiated from the liver by the ingested sporozoites and later continues within the red blood cells, resulting in the clinical manifestations of the malaria disease. Following the introduction of invasive sporozoites into the skin after mosquito bite, they are either destroyed by macrophages, enter the lymphatics and drain into the lymph nodes from where they can develop into exoerythrocytic stages (Vaughan et al., 2008) and prime the T cells as a way of mounting protective immune response (Good Doolan, 2007) and/or blood vessel (Silvie et al., 2008b; Vaughan et al., 2008; Yamauchi et al., 2007), from where they made their way into the liver. While in the liver, sporozoites negotiate through the liver sinusoids, entered into hepatocytes, followed by multiplication and growth in parasitophorous vacuoles into schizonts, each of which contains thousands of merozoites, especially with P. falciparum (Ami no et al., 2006; Jones Good, 2006; Kebaier et al., 2009). Thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family and an actinmyosin motor has been show to help sporozoites in its continuous sequence of stick-and-slip motility (Baum et al., 2006; Mnter et al., 2009; Yamauchi et al., 2007) and that it growth and development within the liver cells is facilitated by the circumsporozoite protein of the parasite (Prudncio et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2007). This stick and slip motility prevent the parasite from been washed away by the circulating blood into kidney from where they can be destroyed and removed from the body. Motility is driven by an actin-myosin motor located underneath the plasma membrane. The sporozoite journey is propelled by a unique actin-myosin system, which allows extracellular migration, cell traversal and cell invasion (Kappe et al., 2004).This is a single cycle phase with no clinical symptoms, unlike the erythrocytic stage, which occurs repeatedly and characterize d with clinical manifestation. The hepatocytic merozoites are stored in vesicles called merosomes where they are protected from the phagocytotic action of Kupffer cells. The release of these merozoites into the blood stream via the lung capillaries initiates the blood stage of the infection (Silvie et al., 2008b). In some cases (as it can be found with P. vivax and P. ovale malaria) dormant sporozoites, called hypnozoites, are formed and remain in the liver for a long time. These hypnozoites are usually responsible for the development of relapse of clinical malaria infection and has been reported to be genotypically different from the infective sporozoites ingested after a mosquito bite (Cogswell, 1992; Collins, 2007). The development of the parasite within the red blood cells occur with precise cyclic accuracy with each repeated cycles producing hundreds of daughter cells that subsequently invades more red blood cells. The clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by th e parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The invasion of RBCs by the merozoites takes place within seconds and made possible by series of receptorligand interactions. The ability of the merozoites to quickly disappear from circulation into the RBCs protect its surface antigens from exposure to the host immune response (Cowman Crabb, 2006; Greenwood et al., 2008; Silvie et al., 2008b). Unlike P. Vivax, which invade the RBCs by binding to Duffy blood group, the more virulent P. falciparum possess varieties of Duffy binding-like (DBL) homologous proteins and the reticulocyte binding-like homologous proteins that allows it to recognize and bind effectively to different RBC receptors (Mayer et al., 2009; Weatherall et al., 2002). Micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules are the specialized apical secretory organelles of the merozoite that help the merozoites to attach, invade, and establish itself in the red cel l. The successful formation of stable parasitehost cell junction is followed by entering into the cells through the erythrocyte bilayer. This entrance is made possible with the aid of the actinmyosin motor, proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein family (TRAP) and aldolase, leading to the creation of a parasitophorous vacuole, that isolate the intracellular ring parasite from the host-cell cytoplasm, thereby creating a conducive environment for its development (Bosch et al., 2007; Cowman Crabb, 2006; Haldar Mohandas, 2007). The intra-erythrocytic parasite is faced with the challenge of surviving in an environment devoid of standard biosynthetic pathways and intracellular organelles in the red cells. This challenge is overcome by the ability of the parasite to adjust its nutritional requirement to haemoglobin only, formation of a tubovesicular network, thereby expanding it surface area and by export of a range of remodeling and virulence factors into the red cell (Silvie et al., 2008b). Following the ingestion of the hemoglobin into the food vacuole, it is degraded to make available the amino acids for protein biosynthesis. Heme is a toxic free radical capable of destroying the parasite within the red blood cells. Heme polymerase is used by the parasite for the detoxification of heme and the resulting hemozoin is sequestrated as hemozoin. As the parasite grows and multiplies, new permeation pathways are created in the host cell membrane to help in the uptake of solutes from the extracellular medium, disp osal of metabolic wastes, and in initiating and sustaining electrochemical ion gradients, thereby preserving the osmotic stability of the infected red cells and thus, premature hemolysis (Kirk, 2001; Lew et al., 2003). 1.2.3 Control of Malaria infection Preventive measures are a critical step towards the control and eradication of malaria. Preventive approach can broadly be divided into two Infection control and Vector control. Infection control focuses on preventing the development of the disease as a result of occasional mosquito bite or relapse of previous infection (Lell et al., 2000; Walsh et al., 1999b). This involves the use of chemoprophylaxis. Travellers to malaria endemic countries are expected to start prophylaxis at least two weeks before and to continue up to two weeks after. One important target group in the infection control using chemoprophylaxis are the pregnant women. Intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women (IPTp) is the globally acknowledge approach for prevention of malaria in pregnancy (Vallely et al., 2007; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012). Sulphadoxin-pyrimethamine (SP) has been used for this purpose and there are compelling arguments for the use of artesunate-SP (Jansen, 2011). To ensure long lasting prevention, this approach should be combined with vector control. Vector control focuses on protecting against mosquitoes bite, thereby preventing the transmission of the parasite to Man. Strategies for vector control include the use of residual spraying of insecticides, insect repellent cream or spray, sleeping under bed nets, especially, the insecticide impregnated bed nets (ITNs) and proper sanitation (Curtis et al., 2006; Lavialle-Defaix et al., 2011; WHO | Insecticide-treated materials,). WHO provides guideline for the production, preparation, distribution and the use of the ITNs (WHO | Insecticide-treated materials,). With the reported resistance to pyrathroids, an active principle of the insecticides treated bed nets (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), all strategies involving the use of chemical agents, also faces the global challenge of developing resistance. Training in proper sanitation and its sustainability from generation to generation is most probably the best approach in controlling the malaria disease. Personal and general hygiene which involve in-door and out-door cleaning, good refuse disposal practices, eradication of stagnant water, proper sewage disposal and clean, dry and uninterrupted drainages are examples of good sanitation practices that will not only prevent malaria infection, but also other killer diseases of the tropics. Sanitation is not only cheap and affordable; it is within the reach of everybody. 1.2.3.2 Malaria Chemotherapy Despite the use of preventive approaches outlined above (Curtis et al., 2006; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012), as strategy towards the eradication of this malaria, the use of chemotherapeutic drugs remains the most widely used approach (Butler et al., 2010; DAlessandro, 2009). They are widely employed as prophylaxis, suppressive and curative. However, the success of this strategy has been hampered by the resilient of the parasite in continually creating resistance to the available drugs. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. Various approaches have been employed to identify new antimalaria agents with a view to reducing cost, ensuring availability and reducing the incidences of resistance (Rosenthal, 2003). Chemical modification of the existing antimalarial is a simple approach and required no extensive knowledge of the mechanism of drug action and the biology of the infection. Many drugs in use today have been produced using this approach, including chloroquine, primaquine and mefloquine from quinine (Stocks et al., 2001), 8-aminoquinoline, tafenoquine, from primaquine (Walsh et al., 1999a) and lumefantrine from halofantrine (van Vugt et al., 2000). Another approach is the use of plant derived compound with little or no chemical modification has led to the discovery of potent antimalarial such as artemisinins (Meshnick, 2001). Also, the use of other agents not originally designed for malaria such as folate antagonists, tetracyclines and antibiotics that were reported to be active against malaria parasit es (Clough Wilson, 2001) is another viable approach to drug discovery. Resistance reversals such verapamil, desipramine and trifluoperazine (van Schalkwyk et al., 2001) have also been used in combination with antimalaria drugs to improve therapy. Optimization of therapy with existing antimalaria agents is widely used as a productive approach towards improving therapy. Optimization of therapy underscore the need for combination therapy with newer and older drugs and with agents that are not original designed as antimalaria but which can potentiate the antimalaria property and/or block resistance to antimalaria agents. Thus for the combination to be ideal, it should improve antimalarial efficacy, providing additive or synergistic antiparasitic activity and slow the progression of parasite resistance to the antimalaria agents. For example, combination of artesunate with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (von Seidlein et al., 2000) or with amodiaquine (Adjuik et al., 2002), if devoid of underlying resistance to the artesunate partners which can lead to high rates recrudescence (Dorsey et al., 2002), may prove to be optimal antimalarial agents. Other combinations that have been effectively used include artesunate and mefloquine (Price et al., 1997) and artemether and lumefantrine (Lefevre et al., 2001). The combination of analog of proguanil (chlorproguanil) with dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) inhibitor (dapsone), originally produced to treat leprosy (Mutabingwa et al., 2001) has open up a new and effective approach in antimalaria drug therapy. The use of dapsone and other drug resistance reversers such as verapamil, desipramine, trifluoperazine (van Schalkwyk et al., 2001) and Chlorpheniramine (Sowunmi et al., 1997) has shown potential for reducing the rate of drug resistance. Table 1.1: Classes and Mechanism of Antimalarial drugs CLASSES OF DRUGS Gametocidal Tafenoquine Gamatocidal Gametocidal biguanides (proguanil, cycloguanil), Trimethoprim CLASSES OF DRUGS Clindamycin, Spiramycin m ubiquinol to cytochrome C (Vaidya, 2001). Meanwhile, one important and innovative approach towards drug discovery in malaria chemotherapy is the search for new antimalaria drug target. Such targets include parasite membrane (Vial Calas, 2001), food vacuole (Banerjee et al., 2002), mitochondrial and apicoplast (Ralph et al., 2001; Vaidya, 2001). The cytosol, which is the centre of metabolic activities (e.g. folate metabolism and glycolysis) and enzymes activities have proven to be valuable as potential target for drug action (Plowe, 2001; Razakantoanina et al., 2000). To survive and develop within the erythrocytes, Plasmodium falciparum export most of its virulent factors into the cytosol of the infected erythrocytes. Among these are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins which are focus of many researches and are increasingly gaining ground as potential target of drug action (Behr et al., 1992; Kumar et al., 1990). 1.2.3.3 Malaria Vaccines Notwithstanding the centrality of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in efforts at combating the menace of malaria infection (DAlessandro, 2009), and wide distribution of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, efforts aimed at enhancing long lasting protective immunity through vaccination, of which RTS,S is emerging as most promising vaccine formulation, has been intensified (Ballou, 2009; Casares et al., 2010). These attempts at producing an effective vaccine against malaria infection has, however, for many years proved unsuccessful (Andr, 2003; Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., 2003). Having a vaccine that can completely block transmission from human to mosquito host can be a major limp towards global eradication of malaria. But, the absences of such immunity may explain the possible partnership between the parasite and the host, developed over a long time of co-habitation (Evans Wellems, 2002). On the other hand, a vaccine developed in line with the model of naturally acquired immunity that o ffers protections against morbidity and mortality, offers more encouragement. Such a vaccine will be a major step in the right direction and may not require regular booster vaccination like it would with vaccine that target infection transmission blockage (Struik Riley, 2004). Meanwhile, the development of natural immunity, after a long term exposure to the infection, especially with people living in the endemic areas has been reported (Baird, 1995; Hoffman et al., 1987; Rogier et al., 1996). The rate of acquired immunity in infants is faster than older children, but they also stand the chance of higher risk of developing severe malaria infection and anaemia (Aponte et al., 2007). Though, adults who, having obtained naturally acquired immunity, migrated to malaria-free zones, stands the risk of contacting the diseases upon return to their endemic region, documentary evidences however revealed that their responses to such re-infection are very rapid and tend to respond to treatment and recover faster than those who have not been previously xposed. (Di Perri G et al., 1994; Jelinek et al., 2002; Lepers et al., 1988). While this naturally acquired immunity is beneficial, it leaves the most vulnerable population (children and pregnant women though the mother may be immune, the foetus is not) at risk, as they are yet to gain enough exposure for such immunity to take place. Aponte et al., (2007) also showed that a reduced exposure toP. falciparumantigens through chemoprophylaxis early in life have the potential to delay immunity acquisition. Furthermore, it does not appear that naturally acquired immunity have any effect on transmission of malaria. This further explained the possibility of an evolving host-parasite relationship (Evans Wellems, 2002), which might have been developed over a long time host-parasite co-evolution. Therefore, understanding the compromises that may have developed over time between the parasite and the host may be an important approach towards developing a much needed vaccine. 1.3 Molecular and Cellular Basis of Malaria Infection Following blood meal by an Anopheles female mosquito accompany with the release of saliva to prevent blood coagulation (Beier, 1998), malaria parasites are deposited or ejection of into the skin (Frischknecht et al., 2004; Vanderberg Frevert, 2004). By continuous gliding in the skin, the sporozoite reach a blood vessel, breach the endothelial barrier and enter the blood circulation (Amino et al., 2007; Vanderberg Frevert, 2004) and/or breach a lymphatic vessel to enter the draining lymph node, where exoerythrocytic stages of sporozoites development may take place (Amino et al., 2006). A micronemal protein, called thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), has been shown to be responsible for the gliding motility and invasion mosquito vector salivary gland and in mammalian host (Kappe et al., 1999). The sporozoite transversal to the liver and the merozoites invasion and remodeling of the host cells are complex but necessary processes for the survival and development of the par asite. 1.3.1 Cell Transversal Sporozoite possesses the ability to transverse cells i.e move in and out of the host cells by membrane disruption (Mota et al., 2002, 2001; Vanderberg Stewart, 1990). Among the proteins secreted by the micronemes that have been implicated in host cell traversal are SPECT1 (sporozoite microneme proteinessential forcelltraversal 1) and SPECT2 (Ishino et al., 2005, 2004). The absence of SPECT1orSPECT2in mutant sporozoite does not prevent gliding motility but prevent migration through host cells (Ishino et al., 2004).Other proteins of importance to sporozoite cell traversal prior to hepatocyte infection, includes TRAP-Like Protein (Moreira et al., 2008), a sporozoite secreted phospholipase (Bhanot et al., 2005), and celltraversal protein forookinete andsporozoite (Kariu et al., 2006). Similarly, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) probably plays a role in targeting sporozoites to hepatocytes by interacting with heparin sulfate proteoglycans (Sinnis Sim, 1997). 1.3.2 Liver stage development Upon entering the bloodstream, infectious sporozoite makes it way to the liver. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is highly expressed at this stage of the parasite life cycle. Using the sporozoites that expresses fluorescent proteins under the control of CSP and intravital imaging, Frevert and colleagues were able to show the movement of sporozoites in the liver (Frevert et al., 2005). The study showed that sporozoite migrates through several hepatocytes before finally settling in one, form PV and begin the liver stage development. CSP, mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP-1, and other highly expressed proteins by Kupffer cells, play an important role in inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species via the generation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) which stimulates adenyl cyclase activity (Usynin et al., 2007). Ishino and co-workers reported that two parasite molecules P36 and P52/P36p are involved in sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes with the formation of a PV membrane (PVM) (Ishino et al., 2005). Apart from CSP, other gene product that has been implicated in liver stage development of the parasite includes sporozoite low complexity asparagine-rich protein (SAP1) (Aly et al., 2008) and sporozoite and liver stage asparagine-rich protein (SLARP) (Silvie et al., 2008a) 1.3.3 Erythrocyte Invasion Erythrocyte invasion involves four steps, namely, initial merozoites binding, reorientation and erythrocyte deformation, specific interaction and junction formation and parasite entry (Figure 1.2). Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is a well characterized merozoite surface proteins implicated in initial merozoite binding. It has been reported to be uniformly distributed over the merozo

The Importance of Communication and Teamwork Among the Flight and Cabin

The Importance of Communication and Teamwork Among the Flight and Cabin Crew TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 4 INTRODUCTION 5 Background 5 Purpose/Audience 5 Sources 5 Limitaions 5 Scope 5 COLLECTED DATA 5 Importance of Communication Among the Crew 5 Main Cause of Aircraft Accidents 6 Duties of the Crew Members 7 Expectations of the Crew 7 The Crew is a Team 8 Intimidatin in the Cockpit 8 Cabin Crew is a part of the Team 9 Trusting the Crew's Judgment 9 Crew Resource Management (CRM) 9 Outline of CRM Training 10 LOFT Training 10 Organizing Resources and Priorities 11 CONCLUSION 11 Summary of Findings 11 Interpretation of Findings 11 REFERENCES 13 ABSTRACT The majority of aircraft accidents are caused by human error, and an accident or incident is linked together by a chain of errors. Most of these accidents could have been avoided by the crew if they would have been communicating to each other better. Some common errors that occur among the crew are poor task delegation, assertiveness, and distractions. Crew training in communication and teamwork will increase the crews' performance level. Programs like Crew Resource Management (CRM) have been developed to try to help the crews work together and reduce the human factor in accidents. CRM includes training in leadership/followership, assertiveness, management, communication, teamwork, decision making, and task delegation. Through programs like CRM crews learn to work together as a team, and when they are working together it is less likely there'll be an accident. INTORDUCTION Background The cause for most aircraft accidents (65%) are by crew error (FAA News, 1996). When the Crews performance level is low due to poor teamwork and communication this is when accidents happen. How can crew error be reduced? Even though human error can't be reduced completely through constant training and effort by the crew performance will increase and accidents will be reduced. Purpose/Audience This report is intended for a general audience and will show how important it is for the flight and cabin crew to work together and communicate as a team. This report will also examine the CRM program. Sources Sources have been obtained for this report from the Internet and from the Waldo Library, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich... ...grams like CRM are very helpful in instilling these principles and breaking the bad habits. Poor attitiudes and habits can't be changed overnight. That's why there is a need for recurrent CRM training. Communicaiton and teamwork is the key to safe and effective operations. There's no "I" in CREW but there is "WE". REFERENCES Chute, R. D. & Wiener, E. L. "Cockpit/cabin communication: I. A tale of two cultures." [http://olias.arc.nasa.gov/personnel/people/RebeccaChute/JA1.htm.]. Oct 1996. Federal Aviation Administration. (1995) Crew resource management training (AFS- 210, AC no. 120-51B). Washington, D. C. Nader, R. & Smith, W. J. (1994). Collision course: The truth about airline safety. PA: TAB Books. FAA News. "Atlantic coast airlines first to use FAA crew performance program." [http://www.dot.gov/affairs/apa15596.htm]. Sept 1996. Helmreich, R. L. "The evolution of crew resource management." [http://www.psy.utexas.edu/psy/helmreich/iata96/htm]. Oct 1996. Chute, R. D. & Wiener, E. L. (1996). Cockpit-cabin communicaiton: II. shall we tell the pilot? The International Journal of Aviaiton Phychology, 6 (3), 211- -229